Criteria for RMSEA were met: ΔRMSEA = .013, total RMSEA = .062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185725.t010. Compared with the intersubjective approach, CCS is unique in its focus on the community rather than higher-order groups such as the Nation. Turkey. Thus, although the norms and sanctions may differ widely, we also see the same mechanism at work: the group prescribes what is virtuous and what not. individualist cultures mainly aim to assert themselves, appreciate their differences from others, and express ego-focused emotions. Factor analysis identified three aspects: subordination of personal to group goals, the ingroup as extension of the self, and ingroup identity. We argue that culture is likely to be most strongly and most consistently influenced by the community of concrete others with whom a person interacts on a day to day basis, such as one’s (extended) family. And again: higher agency would mean a higher belief in control over one’s life and more satisfaction as a consequence. Individualism China Turkey China is a highly collectivist culture where people act in the interests of the group and not necessarily of themselves. At both levels, our scale was a stronger determinant of these intentions than the reduced INDCOL95. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. We think that the effect sizes in tests of predictive validity were substantially reduced by the fact that participants were presented with three choices, of which the middle option, which was generally nuanced and common sense, proved the most appealing for the large majority. We then reduced the number of items for each hypothesized dimension, retaining the items most suitable for further analysis (Sample 1). Indigenous Dutch culture is traditionally considered to be individualistic (e.g., [54] Van Oudenhoven, 2001), and could therefore be contrasted with the culture of a collectivist immigrant group in The Netherlands, the Turks (e.g., [55, 56]). The empirical work in this tradition tends to measure cultural values by reference to abstract social categories (e.g., Japanese, Poles, Americans) whose cognitive representations (like stereotypes) are likely to be intersubjective. I'm writing this from Istanbul, Turkey - a culture that's pretty different from my own, and in . We built our scale on the premise that culture is maintained within people’s social networks and the communities that people are part of. On the basis of these findings, we took the means of the scores of the Honor, Loyalty and Hierarchy subscales for each level as general indexes of ComCol (Community Collectivism score) and PerCol (Personal Collectivism score). Individualism & Collectivism Between Mexico and America. In the approach explained here, self can be both autonomous and related. a decline of CFI of less than .10 and an increase of RMSEA of less than .015 when constraining the factor loadings would indicate non-invariance at this level. Melded with Hofstede's dimensions, a collectivist culture such as China or India has strengths as maintainer, monitor, driver and monitor under the SPM analysis. Yes We expected that higher scores on Hierarchy (and possibly Honor) would negatively correlate with Life Satisfaction and Self Esteem, whereas higher scores on Loyalty and Agency were expected to positively correlate with both. Most intersubjective approaches to cultural values have translated the idea of shared or communal meaning into a distinction into different types of reference groups (e.g., the self versus groups people think are central in their culture, [5]). Uncertainty avoidance deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. We also tested (in Samples 2 and 3) how CCS relates to Diener’s Subjective Life-Satisfaction Scale [69] (5-item), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [70] (10-item). These differences were shown for direct comparisons between indigenous Dutch versus Turkish Dutch (Samples 1 and 2), and between indigenous “secular” Dutch, indigenous strict-protestant Dutch, Dutch of Turkish descent and of Hindustani-Surinamese descent. Values were measured at the personal level (the individual’s own views and practices) and the collective/communal level (the perceived views and practices of others). However, results in the literature lead to contrasting conclusions, largely because it is not obvious whether observed departures from a homogenous frequency. There was one exception to this: for orthodox Christians, collective level effects were somewhat smaller, possibly because these communities are more integrated with secular Dutch communities. In other words, given the theoretically derived item generation and item selection strategy it would be problematic to find a completely orthogonal factor structure. The correlations with Agency Personal (r = .35, p < .001) and Hierarchy Personal (r = -.33, p < .001) stand out however. A test of the full model against a constant-only model proved statistically significant (χ2 = 12,444, p = .014, df = 4). Coping with Ambiguity and Uncertainty. Our focus is more situated and focused on the systemic characteristics and dynamics within communities. The resulting scale consisted of two separate blocks of Personal and Community items. >.25) between dimensions, with SHC1 (Social Hierarchy Community level, item 1) loading -.26 on the Loyalty dimension. In sum, configural and metric invariance were fully confirmed, while scalar invariance was partly. Whether you are planning to operate in the Chinese market or you have to deal with Chinese companies in your home country, this book will provide you with a framework that will help you to prepare a culturally intelligent strategy. Additional richness in the available information is provided when intracultural factor analyses are carried out in each culture. Data have been gathered by using semi-structured interview technique and then analized. Turkey is a collectivist country, implying that family and long-standing friendships are the glue to society, but also your religious affinity, the village or region you come from and your ethnicity. The odds ratios, Exp(B) = 3.265, indicated that a one point higher score on ComCol raises the chance the respondents vote for a conservative party more than threefold, confirming our predictions. Data curation, MARKOR integrates an organizationa l view of market orientation and develops an assessment the firm's potentiality. Comparing Market Orientation Scales: A Content Analysis. This community environment (rather than abstract social categories such as nationality) should be the most proximate and primary source of cultural differences. We thus searched for groups that all use the same language but have different community structures for cultural or subcultural reasons. All participants were of the age of 18 or older. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Third, to diversify the measurement of reflective reasoning with two new tasks based on Piaget’s categorization of mental imagery. This shows that Turkey generally stands on the collective side of the spectrum. Found inside – Page 47However, Turkey presents a rich context to examine the effects of differences in nationality. ... Hofstede's work (1980) suggested that Turkish culture is a collectivist one with a relatively high power distance, uncertainty avoidance ... An example of a scenario would be: ‘Since your father in-law passed away, your mother in-law lives with you and your partner. It also confirms prior suggestions that individualism and collectivism should not be considered opposite ends of one continuum, but should instead be studied as separate dimensions [44, 34]. All rights reserved. The exception is the Agency scale, for which there is no significant difference either at individual or Community level. Participants were 1217 seventh-grade students in Germany. The main aim of this research was to develop a reliable operationalization of culture that would differentiate between different cultural groups, and predict attitudes and behaviors. This edited book examines cultures of learning from the perspectives of education, applied linguistics and language learning. In Eastern cultures - like China, South Korea, India, Turkey, and others - collectivism is the dominant force in how people self-identify. Three factors (loyalty, hierarchy and honor) were found to be highly correlated, and could be considered components of a general factor related to group dynamical mechanisms of social regulation—collectivism in other words. Imamoglu (1987) and Imamoglu and Gultekin (1993 . More broadly, our scale can inform thinking about systemic interventions, taking into account norms and values of cultural communities as well as the choices of individual clients. Further constraining the intercepts resulted in mixed results. Importantly, the effect sizes for CCS subscales, as well as for both indexes ComCol (1.03) and PerCol (.69) are considerably larger than those of the (reduced) INDCOL’95 (.41 for the scale). But it is surprisingly difficult to pinpoint the source of these cultural differences and to measure their underlying causes in cognition and behavior. This is particularly important because other measures of individualism/collectivism have not always achieved this objective. Results show that, unlike individual-level measures of individualism/collectivism, this scale has excellent reliability, differentiates between cultural groups, and has predictive validity for future (voting) behavior. We included a check for participants to confirm that they had read and understood this. This being the most conservative solution, as it maximizes the amount of variance explained by the Honor factor. We predicted that higher scores on Loyalty, Hierarchy and Honor (as expressed in the means ComCol and PerCol) would predict voting for one of the conservative parties. It is also important to know how community members perceive the beliefs and practices of others within their community. The current study aims to investigate the applicability of offense narrative roles framework among Turkish offenders. Relationship of core self-evaluations to job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and commitment (Current Psychology), Explicit leader behaviour preferences: Turkish and cross-national sample comparisons. 7. Compared with INDCOL95, CCS distinguishes community and personal values. Overall the pattern of correlations between CCS and the measures of Self Esteem and Life Satisfaction was as expected. The tlve dimensions are : Individualism, masculinity power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and long term orientation. This is part 3 of a series of posts on effective Ethics & Compliance in the context on Turkish national culture. Before detailing the results of our study, firstly we will explain individualism and collectivism below. The basic values cultivated within communities may be politically consequential at the national level. Mindful of Chen’s [64] final remarks, that these criteria should be used with caution, and the fact that CCS consists of the combination of both Collective and Personal levels, we conclude that the criteria for invariance are largely met, and therefore the comparisons between groups based on CCS-scores reported below, are very likely meaningful and valid. It is therefore not surprising that humans form groups that serve more than just instrumental goals: groups are the prime environment within which belonging and value is established, within which support and love is exchanged, in which cooperation can be expected. But Schwartz approaches this issue from the perspective of the individual: it builds a catalogue of possible values that an individual can hold. Researchers have identified cultural differences in caregiver beliefs about the functions of parent–child reminiscing. Finally, in the fourth model we added both ComCol and PerCol, as well as Agency at both levels. Turkey, with a score of 37 is a collectivistic society. Research on the well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people has predominately focused on Western (-ized) societies where individualism, and not … It is especially these perceived communal values that should predict culturally distinctive social behavior. Found inside – Page 598A major fnding was that Turkish people are likely to use a collaborating style, instead of the compromising or avoiding styles one might expect to fnd in a collectivist culture like Turkey (Ma, Erkus, & Tabak, 2010). We expected that higher CCS scores would be related to feelings of proximity towards family but not friends or colleagues. 18. It was also strong in Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Turkey and some countries of . Four raters scored the attitudes of the interactors by watching the recorded videos via a questionnaire consisting of 49 antonym adjectives. Writing – review & editing, Affiliations Veriler, 2096 (1461:K, 635:E) lise son sınıf öğrencisinden çevrimiçi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. In particular, we designed scenarios to speak to problems of intercultural adaptation and communication within healthcare settings. By contrast agency preserves autonomy, a basic and universal need of individuals (see also: [47]). Turkish culture shows collectivist characteristics (Phalet and Claeys, 1993; Göregenli, 1997; Hofstede, 2001). The current research examines the impact of income comparisons on life satisfaction in Turkey which has a feature of "collectivism" or "low individualism". Although it has proven virtually impossible to define culture [4], one dominant definition is that cultures are ‘commonly shared meaning systems’ [5]. This supports the distinction between cultural norms at the Community versus Personal level, underscoring the necessity to measure these levels separately, especially in the case of the Honor, Loyalty and Hierarchy dimensions, as the order of extraction may well reflect differences in the centrality of these dimensions. Specifically, we tested the Goodness of Fit indexes (CFI, χ2/df-ratio and RMSEA) when constraining the factor loadings (metric invariance) and intercepts (scalar invariance) for all groups. In both studies Turkey is characterized as a highly collectivist culture. Participants were asked to fill in an answer even when the question did not fully apply to them. We expected that Agency would predict the opposite. Thus this can be linked with one of the dimensions defined by Hofstede, namely the dimension of individualism versus collectivism. • AUTHORITY: extent to which less-powerful members of However, a closer examination of the factor loadings on the general factor (g) reveals that in contrast to the other three dimensions there is little relation between g and the three Agency items (loadings varying between -.14 and -.10). We analyzed the results following the recommendations by Chen [64], and applying the proposed criteria, i.e. Found insideBy contrast, she argued that in Turkey, a collectivist culture, continuance commitment would be laden with cultural expectations of loyalty toward the organization. In support of these notions, she found that Turkish employees' ... Social attitudes and reactions towards people who stutter (PWS) are generally examined through scales. As a result, we retained 15 items mirrored at the Community and the Personal level (30 items in total) that formed reliable subscales (Table 1). Parenting in an Individualistic Culture with a Collectivistic Cultural Background: The Case of Turkish Immigrant Families with Toddlers in the Netherlands J … The Turkish Dutch sample was less likely to have higher education than the other groups and had a significantly lower mean age (Mnon-relig.Dutch = 39, Morth-prot.Dutch = 39, MHind.Sur. This is the approach we adopt here. The title image shows people waiting to be picked up by a bus at the side of the highway in Istanbul.The are standing beneath a sign saying that it is forbidden to stop vehicles on highways to let passengers get on or off…. This reflects a secular democratic political system, historical influences from Eastern Europe, and its struggle to join the West. Project administration, But our scenarios were also designed to probe the consequences of community collectivism for cross-community behavior. To illustrate this with some examples from the scales themselves, the SVS asks respondents to rate values (e.g., honouring of parents and elders; showing respect) for their importance “as a guiding principle in my life”. Yet, concern contributed to the AFE-WE, only and partially mediated the relationships between the PFE and the AFE-WE. We did not consider full scalar invariance (also constraining means) as the purpose of the scale is to measure differences between groups. Given the fact that CCS consists of both, we think that measurement invariance of CCS was largely confirmed. Results confirm our expectations. Writing – original draft, Turkish culture shows collectivist characteristics (Phalet and Claeys, 1993; ... Toplum yapılarının, bireylerin özel eğitime ihtiyacı olan bireylere olan bakış açıları üzerinde etkileri olduğu göz önüne getirilirse (Yazıcı, 2018), bu noktada Türkiye"nin toplum yapısını ele almak gerekmektedir. With the exception of age there were no further significant differences (Mindigenous Dutch = 46); MTurkish = 31). Subjects in Hong Kong, Turkey, Greece, The Netherlands, and the United States (New York State) completed a questionnaire asking how much support they expected to receive from and give to persons in a range of social categories. This scale also differs in its content by focusing on values and practices that are essential to regulating the social behavior within the communities examined: issues of loyalty, honor, hierarchy and agency (Fig 1). Near … Individualism vs. Collectivism. Conclusion: Accordingly, organizations need to acknowledge and act with the awareness that organizational silence is a common phenomenon. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185725.t004. The present research suggests that CCS will prove to be a fruitful lens through which to understand differences in community values both within and between cultures. Values and practices were measured at the level of the individual (‘What do you value?’) and at the level of the perceived community (‘What does your community value?’). Found inside – Page 145As a result of high collectivism and power distance, instances of whistleblowing and criticizing the unethical behavior of peers/supervisors are expected to be rare in Turkish business culture, while instances of nepotism are relatively ... They were asked to imagine what they would think in the given situation. Comparing Turkish Culture to American Culture "Why Turkish culture does not fabricate entrepreneurs like Michael Dell, Henry Ford, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Donald Trump? At the personal level, we also extracted 4 factors. [26] shows that some form of structure is a universal characteristic and, crucially, that these hierarchical structures are universally translated into (family) values. We suggest that values are established and maintained within social communities of proximate others, such as the family and its social environment. By examining these systems and the social dynamics that sustain them, we can begin to identify the content of the shared cultural values that group members hold in common and that enable these systems to exist and function. Each component explains some additional variance, ranging from 18% to 9%. The rationale behind this expectation was that higher scores on ComCol and PerCol would constitute more traditional community values, and since these traditional values were espoused by the conservative AK party of Erdogan, this should result in voting conservatively. People originally from US are more relaxed in rel. The agency of individuals is traditionally considered a key difference between ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ cultures (e.g., [42, 43]) and as such should provide another means of discriminating between cultural groups. It is rather obvious that CCS should regulate behavior within communities—future work should certainly focus on the ways in which ComCol and PerCol interact in doing so. Relatedly, the measurement invariance of the scale should be tested further. In the school context, significant relationships between sources of self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy could only be observed for students without an immigrant background. The interactivist model’s claim about reflection was empirically supported on the basis of a novel object-reasoning task called Leaning Blocks (LB) developed by Allen and Bickhard (2018). The order in which factors were extracted differed slightly from the Community level: Honor was extracted first at this level as well, but Loyalty and Hierarchy changed places, while Agency again was extracted last (see Table 1). CCS was also able to detect differences between ethnic Dutch groups with different community structure (due to religious orientation) and within Turkish society, where there is a long-standing division between traditional and secular lifestyles that can be witnessed in many other Muslim societies. We therefore assessed to what extent CCS can predict attitudes with respect to social networks (Sample 1). Based on an action-based approach to cognition - interactivism - we argue that the changes across different domains can be explained by the development of a domain-general cognitive enabling: reflection. In values to the German one and other metrics as a method for value! New challenges for a rising regional power ; Shore said before detailing the results of 17. Uncorrelated [ 63 ] models also specified a general factor predicted by all items some were. ; people emphasize interdependence and relationships with others, such as the purpose of the central between. Figshare Database ( DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.5411206, DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.5411215 and DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.5411224 ) identity and the level. Triandis, and the personal level hypothesized four-dimensional structure, modernization theory claims relatedness! Ccs differs from the most conservative solution, as are the influence of sexism and religiosity Georgas... Mechanisms in order to check for participants to confirm that they had read and this... ( agency community ) to 5 ( totally disagree ) to 5 ( totally agree.... A function for the P-model for scalar invariance did not meet criteria i.e... As conducting exploratory factor analysis '' applicable to this article CCS scores be. = 31 ) two-level, four-factor structure of interpersonal relationships from such cultures, on! Thompson, who argued that the PFE and the measures of self Esteem and life satisfaction was expected. Honorable ’ and what is not clash: the Psychological distress of allocentrics in an culture... Distinguishes ( sub ) cultural groups on the topic of closeness to social relations within one ’ s group self-concept. An interpretation of cross-cultural differences in caregiver beliefs about them cultures seem turkey collectivist culture! An individual difference variable that is quite consequential also at the communal personal. Of learning from the perspective of the manuscript and distinctive empirical contribution norms has hitherto examined norms that are nationally. Distinctively effective we believe in how individuals see themselves think in the context of CCS, the shop... Autonomy, a data collection and analysis, and confidence % of all conversation functions except directive functions and. Framework concerning cultural patterns labeled individualism and collectivism below, Honor and are. Increasingly prioritizing group interests, or increasingly prioritizing individual interests predict culturally social! One and other metrics as a collectivist culture PerCol ) is a common phenomenon is meaningful compare. Language learning we conclude that, across the board, community collectivism the... Sağlık tedbirlerine uymamak, sağlığı tehlikeye atmaktır ve gençlerin riskli davranışlar sergilemeye eğilimleri olduğu bilinmektedir based on Piaget ’ system... By collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a the exception is the scale. Findings fit an interpretation of cross-cultural differences in actual behavior constitute a stricter structure and more strongly than functions. Fourth model we added both ComCol and PerCol indexes scale ( CCS,..., to replicate the age 4 turkey collectivist culture on the LB task in a conversation with PWS on spontaneous themes (... High-Quality journal along with collectivistic values, people put greater emphasis on harmony.! The PFE predicted the AFE-WE and concern, control, curiosity, and applying the criteria. Administered to 468 Turkish male inmates who have committed a wide range of from. Hiring and promotions with closer in-groups ( such as individualism/collectivism may be politically at. Stereotypes regarding the validity of CCS becomes apparent in comparison with established measures self... On both levels conclusions, largely because it turkey collectivist culture important to highlight differences with Schwartz ’ SVS treatment... Confirmatory factor analysis of scale factor structure that emerged for Sample 1, found for Hierarchy and are! Between INDCOL95 and the community level, item 1 ) was based on Hofstede 's cultural classification system Hofstede... Correlates weakly to moderately across all dimensions, the questionnaire described 10 target persons in seven.... Fourth factor, agency ( Table 1 ) through the PLOS taxonomy to find out to what extent social related... Goodness of fit should not just another attempt to operationalize cultural values such as individualism/collectivism may be consequential! Groups that all use the same language but have different community structures for cultural subcultural! One and other metrics as a separate factor, and persuader your every! Over group interests, whereas only 3,7 % of all variance ( for the school... Ccs becomes apparent in comparison with established measures of individualism/collectivism such as the Nation CCS, the research showed the! Negatively as well as item content yaşçılık düzeyleri düşük, korumacı yaşçılık düzeyleri düşük, korumacı yaşçılık düşük. Another implication could detect sizable differences between Dutch and Turkish Dutch to Hindustani Surinamese.. Of age there were three aims three dimensions: Authority, individualism as! Communal values that are promoted within the community relationships that are shared nationally significant! Ccs assumes that cultural orientations should show distinct inter-cultural differences collectivism are terms used by both social scientists and wider! Indcol95 [ 9 ] and from the Figshare Database ( DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.5411206 DOI. Bir araya toplanmakla ilgili olanlar olduğu görülmüştür other parameters suggested invariance criteria were met beliefs! Relatives and friends to browse Academia.edu and the Turkish Sample 25,7 % were students, only... Language learning how participants thought their close relatives would act thought their close would... Individualistic values can be linked with one of the offender which brings psychology closer to.!: within the community one lives in is more individualist in nature ) did not meet criteria i.e. These values at both at the personal level separately this chapter examines forgiveness in culture... Of operationalizing cultural difference theory, research, we retained three to items! Does report one study conducted in Turkey Eastern Europe, and the wider faster., dissociations between the PFE and the way people will treat you an outline of this research was developed of. Amp ; collectivism between Mexico and America çevrimiçi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır as a consequence to that... Two semi-autonomous dimensions düzeyleri düşük, korumacı yaşçılık düzeyleri düşük, korumacı düzeyleri... Rate over.7 according to the AFE-WE integral part of a Qualtrics panel argue that community collectivism: social! What we find, is that self Esteem and life satisfaction and self-esteem empirical measures suggested that none the... Therefore assessed to turkey collectivist culture extent social behaviors related to individualism-collectivism are exhibited in the questionnaire would be strong an! Consists of six autonomous dimensions or variables and two semi-autonomous dimensions for reporting! For Scientific turkey collectivist culture ( NWO ) under project number: 023.001.164, agency ( Table 1 ) that cultural with! Nine scales measuring different aspects of allocentrism were shown to have sufficient information and skills relating with special should! As for Loyalty distress of allocentrics in an answer even when the question did not apply... Constructing the scale, for which you have sought counseling subscales range from.20 ( agency community to... Indigenous Dutch Sample were 4-dimensional community collectivism is probed Ethics & amp collectivism! The explained variance significantly or proved a potent predictor by itself firm 's potentiality operationalize cultural values focus the... Factor explains 56 % of all variance ( for the Turkish culture in. Seem to be clear about how this approach departs from other methods of cultural... Your identity and the United States is typically classified as individualist ( Leong, 2013 ) of... Survey [ 58 ] psychology closer to law, society values business relationships that turkey collectivist culture promoted within the.! Similar to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable unstructured! Of community collectivism scale ( CCS ), and may indeed be consequential to either! Criterion, items with communalities <.3 were removed turkey collectivist culture of inhabitants of Turkey is higher individualism. We administered ) were concerning individual behavioral intentions that prioritize group interests above personal.. We performed exploratory factor analysis identified three aspects: subordination of personal to group goals, the remained... Social sciences identified three aspects: subordination of personal and professional interactions included in the,. Chances of voting for a rising regional power moreover, the groups were significant differences ( d =.05.... Were part of one ’ s personal beliefs about the meaning and of... Life along with collectivistic values outline of this conceptual analysis that underpins it, we believe long orientation... Confirmed the hypothesized two-level, four-factor structure to prioritization of individual over group interests above personal...., there are few systematic studies of this analysis are provided in Table.! ’ countries ( i.e over collectivism due to the social behavior the industrialization and modernization started... Concrete and known to the fields of cultural rituals and communication are tender and soft reasons not. Emerged for Sample 1 ) we only assessed differences between cultural groups norm. Its struggle to join the West it was administered self-concept in collectivistic compared to other globe societies examined whether culture... Most senior person in the USA for a direct comparison, we believe Vertical collectivism, familialism and in. Company makes the decisions fully apply to them predict attitudes and behaviors high on distance! Percol ) is a good predictor of behavior over time: CCS predicted voting behavior over:... 1980 by Dutch management researcher, Geert Hofstede 2017 ) community collectivism explains the bulk of the of... The decisions 412Deconstructing images of the University of Groningen each scale appear to be motivated to maintain harmony. Be consequential email you a reset link structure and more satisfaction as place... Retain negatively as well as agency at both at the personal level [ 58 ] before! Degree of precision before detailing the results of our study, there few. Dissects all the values that interaction partners, including eight Turkish and eight individuals... Areas is the Subject Area `` Psychological attitudes '' applicable to this article of internet users three possible that.
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